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Some Non-PC Thoughts About Autism

The Escape AutistNov 2, 2018, 10:18:41 AM
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Disclaimer: I'm going to be talking about research on some of the more disturbing symptoms found in people with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis. I tend to speak rather clinically when discussing studies, but the intent here is not to de-humanize anyone. What I'm trying to do is shed light on something a lot of activists like to obfuscate, because I believe that more research should be done on the causes of autism (so that we can have genetically-targeted therapies or cures for people who want a cure) as well as potential therapies to mitigate symptoms. I won't be going into my own symptoms here as I don't feel that's appropriate, but I will say that I'm someone who does want therapies to mitigate my own symptoms. And that's not out of self-hatred. It's out of a knowledge that I don't deserve to live poorly, and that these symptoms give me a lower quality of life. Wanting to improve your life shouldn't be seen as a sign of self-hatred, and it bothers me that this mentality seems to be growing more and more common these days.

So, I've recently learned that apparently some of symptoms of ASD are non-PC. And I don't mean in the tumblr-Imma-ignore-all-the-bad-parts-of-depression kind of way. I mean that autistic individuals are flat-out denying some of the very real symptoms of ASD that many people with it have to live with. This does two harmful things:

1. It spreads misinformation, such that people struggling with those symptoms will not get help from their friends/family, even if they might from a properly-educated medical professional
2. It creates a culture of good autists vs. bad autists. In other words, autistic people who suffer from some of these non-PC symptoms are worth less.
3. Those of us who would like treatments or a cure (or support research on either of those things) are called self-hating and pushed out of the conversation. It is apparently impossible for someone with autism to have a symptom he/she finds genuinely distressing now.
4. It creates a culture where research on the links between autism and other psychiatric conditions is highly discouraged, which only hurts autistic people who have those symptoms.

What are these symptoms? Glad you asked.

Psychosis

It is fairly common knowledge among those in the medical professions that ASD includes symptoms of psychosis for many individuals. Recently, we've started finding genetic evidence and even specific areas of the brain that are disordered in people with ASD. Apparently the fact that I find this interesting and worthy of further research is self-hating. Obviously you can't just give someone autism and then check to see if they have psychosis, but here are some observational studies that do show that these are highly linked, and that many ASD individuals suffer from episodes of psychosis:

1. Tuberous sclerosis, a rare genetic condition which causes benign tumors to form in various areas of the brain, has been associated with both ASD diagnosis and psychosis. (In other words, it looks like tumors affecting specific areas of the brain seem to produce symptoms that look like ASD and also include episodes of psychosis.) "Significantly higher rates of overactivity and impulsivity were observed in children and higher rates of anxiety, depressed mood, mood swings, obsessions, psychosis and hallucinations were observed in adults."(1) Furthermore, a specific genetic variant of tuberous sclerosis was correlated to autism: "Genotype-TAND correlations showed a higher frequency of self-injury, ASD, academic difficulties and neuropsychological deficits in TSC2." (1)
On its own, I would just conclude that tuberous sclerosis seems to cause both ASD and psychosis without linking those two together. Tuberous sclerosis does not create brain tumors in the same exact spots for everyone, and it would be hasty for me to conclude that a link exists when there might not be one. However, we've only just begun.

2. Another study found that individuals with ASD and individuals with early psychosis (EP) had similar patterns of scoring on several social cognition tests." For both ASD and EP, participants showed impaired performance on all lower-order emotion recognition tasks and one higher-order social cognition test."(2) Higher order refers to theory of mind psyhiatric exams and lower order refers to emotion recognition psychiatric exams. (Basically these are the tests you take for an official ASD diagnosis a lot of the time, and they're fairly accurate. These are things like the "reading the mind in the eyes" test or the SQ/EQ test.)
Does this mean ASD people are psychopaths? Absolutely not, and the study said that these tests were one of the best ways to differentiate between the two.(2) However, we do know that there's some overlap, and trying to deny it to make autistic people seem like manic pixie dream girls really doesn't help those people with ASD who have to deal with these symptoms.

3. Another study found that poorer pragmatic language (one of the noted deficits in ASD) was associated with later-onset psychosis and depression in people with ASD.(3) Furthermore, another study found that ASD and psychosis was one of the biggest contributing factors of suicidality among ASD people, which is YET ANOTHER REASON WHY WE SHOULD NOT TELL PEOPLE THAT PSYCHOSIS IS NOT A SYMPTOM OF AUTISM. It is quite obviously a symptom for a good number of people with autism.(4)

4. A study looking at multiple disorders across 8253 individuals found that, "In the group with psychiatric disorders 75 developed PEs (20.8%), while in the group with no psychiatric disorder 673 developed PEs (13.0%)."(5) This is for all psychiatric disorders because they didn't have that many people with pervasive developmental disorder, but they also broke it down by diagnosis. The odds ratio was highest for pervasive developmental disorder.

5. A genetic analysis of individuals with autism + psychosis (ASD-P), individuals with autism - psychosis (ASD-NP), and the database of genomic variants (DGV), found 27 copy number variants larger than 20,000 base pairs that did not exist in the ASD-NP group and were not found in the DGV. Of these, one of them was within a known candidate risk factor gene for autism: a 22,000 bp gain on chromosome 6p21.3 which affects the SYGAP1gene.(6)

Schizophrenia

Around a century ago, Bleuler listed "autism" as one of the four symptoms of schizophrenia. Now I'm not going to make that argument, for the following reasons:
- There are specific genetic variants that contribute to likelihood of ASD diagnosis and which do not contribute to likelihood of schizophrenia diagnosis.
-There's some evidence behind the hypothesis that ASD and schizophrenia are at either end of theory of mind disorders.(7)
- Schizophrenia is progressive, ASD is stable
- There's evidence that the issues experienced by both ASD people and individuals with negative-symptom schizophrenia are common to a wide range of psychiatric conditions rather than just these two.(8)
HOWEVER, there are a lot of shared symptoms between individuals with autism and individuals with schizophrenia AND they are often co-morbid. While they might be very different in terms of theory of mind abnormalities, they are often quite similar in social cognition abnormalities.

1. Individuals with high-functioning autism (read: autism most often without intellectual impairment, with mild social difficulties, and where individuals can often live independently and meet most societal expectations) experience many social impairments common to negative symptom schizophrenia. (In basic terms, negative symptom schizophrenia does not include hallucinations and has symptoms like a flat affect and impaired social cognition instead.)(9)

2. "A longitudinal study carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in 2004 found that 25% of 75 children with a diagnosis of childhood-onset schizophrenia had a lifetime diagnosis of ASD: one met criteria for autism, two for AS, and 16 for Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)."(10) Some have hypothesized that ASD is considered a risk factor for schizophrenia, since schizophrenia does not generally become symptomatic for positive symptom schizophrenics until their late teens or early 20's. (Childhood-onset schizophrenia is another story.) This wasn't just one study, either. A second study found a 28% prevalence of lifetime ASD diagnosis in a population of 101 individuals with schizophrenia.(11)

3. Schizophrenia spectrum disorders occur in 13.8% of ASD populations, and ASD disorders occur in 24.1% of schizophrenia spectrum disorder populations.(12) This is far higher than in the general population, so we can say that they have some co-morbidity, though more often schizophrenic people have ASD rather than the other way around.

4. The 22q11.2 deletion is a huge risk factor for psychiatric conditions EVEN AMONG CARRIERS. 30 of 58 carriers had an ASD diagnosis, and 7 had a psychiatric condition.(13) Also, there were abnormalities in the C1 component of visual process in both 22q11.2 carriers with and without ASD. Why is this important? This is one of the biggest deficiencies in sensory processing in schizophrenia.(14) In other words, the meta-analysis referenced in (9) has shown evidence for a genetic link between neurotypical individuals with autistic-like traits, traits in people with ASD, and traits in people with schizophrenia.

5. A meta-analysis of two large-scale studies found that childhood-onset schizophrenia is preceded by and comorbid with pervasive developmental disorder in 30-50% of cases. Pervasive developmental disorder includes Autism, Asperger's, Rett Syndrome (rare genetic disorder linked to similar behaviors as found in autism with cognitive deficits), and childhood disintegrative disorder. All of these are part of what people call the Autism Spectrum as of the latest DSM. What was most telling to me from this study was that it found "evidence of accelerated trajectories of anatomic brain development at ages near disorder onset" in both pervasive developmental disorder and childhood-onset schizophrenia.(15) This meta-analysis also looked at the number of chromosomal variants/risk genes for both conditions and found that many were shared between the two.

Self-Injurious Behaviors

This is a WIDELY reported clinical phenomenon that people who don't have this symptom seem to just forget what it doesn't suit their interests. It's hard to be confused over why anyone might ever want a cure for autism when you realize that some literally feel compelled to injure themselves. It's pretty understandable that those people might not exactly be thrilled that they feel like they have to hurt themselves.

1. A study looking at mentally disabled individuals found that 11.1% had "challenging behaviors."(16) In this study, challenging behaviors was defined to include two subtypes:
-behavior that causes major bodily injury to the person or other persons which prevents daily activities and requires 2+ staff members in an institutional setting to physically control the behavior
-attacking others, self-injurious behavior, or destruction which does not not meet the requirements for the more severe subtype
This last category also included some forms of socially unacceptable behavior like random screaming, but they did break down their results by behavior. I'm most interested in the aggressive and self-injurious behaviors, since "destruction" or unacceptable behaviors could easily be a nonverbal person's response to something they don't like. For example, if the sound of a radio was too loud and hurt a nonverbal person's ears, he/she might scream to drown out the sound or throw the object. Of the 11.1% of people, this study found that 6.4% engaged in attacking others and 4.4% engaged in harming themselves.
This is simply mental disability, but 35.8% of those exhibiting challenging behaviors had an autism diagnosis, which is significantly higher than the percentage of the overall population studied.

2. Rispersidone, an antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia, has now been approved for treatment of ASD. This is the result of many studies like (17) that showed that rispersidone drastically reduced irritability, self-injurious behaviors, and aggressive behaviors in individuals with ASD. HOWEVER, don't take this to mean I'm a huge fan of rispersidone. I'm not: it causes tartative dyskinesia (random, uncontrollable, jerky movements of the limbs), weight gain where your metabolism often doesn't settle at a higher weight, among a host of other side effects. But if we keep insisting that self-injurious behaviors don't exist for people with autism, or discourage research on the matter, we don't give people the medications they might want to treat themselves. Discouraging research encourages limited options for people with ASD.

3. 74% of pediatric ASD patients across 6 psychiatric wards were reported to have self-injurious behaviors (often the reason kids are brought to the hospital). 25% displayed those behaviors on a daily basis during hospitalization.(18)

4. A self-report study (take with a grain of salt) found that 50% of autistic individuals surveyed self-reported non-suicidal self-injury.(19) Their sample size is small here, but the study was clearly peer-reviewed, and I trust the journal. (It's published in Autism.) They found that this rate was higher than the rate in college students, adult community samples, and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. That said, take this with an additional grain of salt because of that small sample size.

5. While self-injurious behaviors are more common among individuals with autism + cognitive impairment (particularly language impairment), it's still prevalent among individuals without cognitive impairment.(20)

What Are People Saying?

I said at the beginning of this post that I'm discouraged by the behavior of many people in the ASD community or disability activists listening to those individuals in the ASD community. Oftentimes, the symptoms I just discussed are ignored (though this occurs less often in the case of self-injurious behaviors). And once those are ignored, they strawman those people who would like a cure by saying that seizures cause issues in very few ASD people, completely disregarding 1. the THIRTY PERCENT of epileptic seizures among people with ASD and 2. the other reasons someone might want a cure.(21)

But what are they saying? Everyday Feminism is obviously a bit of low-hanging fruit, but the article, "We Don't Need a Cure For Autism-- And Pushing One Is Really Messed Up," is bad even for them.(22) It even blatantly states a few lines down that, "many" people don't want a cure. But of course, that means that some people do, or that some of us at least want research and treatment (like me).

And then it links to a Guardian piece by someone who's entirely against research altogether because she thinks it will automatically lead to eugenics. Why not encourage the research and encourage a pro-life approach to people with disabilities at the same time? I don't see why some people being immoral, shitty humans should therefore mean that autistic people looking for research are morally wrong. I actually love the possibility of prenatal testing, unlike the author of "I don't want to be 'cured' of autism, thanks."(23)

It's easier to learn when you're younger. So, parents who know their child has autism from before day 1 can figure out what kinds of resources their child might need to succeed before those resources are even necessary. In my own case, learning social cues is like learning a foreign language (think: learning sign language). I can do it, but I needed to be taught social cues. I benefited HEAVILY from parents who noticed that I wasn't quite getting there on my own and who taught me all the social cues I was missing manually. Did they ever make me feel bad morally? No, not at all. (My parents are some of the best people in the world, if not THE best people in the world.) The thing is, I'm a huge extrovert, and I always have been. But because I couldn't get the social cues right, I had a really hard time making friends until college. The fact that my parents were so diligent in helping me develop all the skills I needed is the reason I have the friends I've always wanted today.

This movement REALLY underestimates or ignores the symptoms many want to get rid of. Here's a great example:


These tweets are in the references at (24), but I'm also going to include the original article.(25) I disagree with the original author on a couple of things. Her points on Asperger's for one, and her points on racial dynamics and autism for another. I think the author hasn't met enough white individuals with severe autism, and I hope someone provides her with more examples so that she doesn't feel like POC are inherently more disabled. That's a horrible thing to think, and it's certainly supported by the medical literature. Those points aside, this author makes several rather salient points about the neurodiversity movement, and she's worth checking out on that score. 

Now these people seem to think that the only reason people wouldn't want to be friends with an autistic person is because they're ableist. That's bullshit. If you don't want to be friends with someone because they flap their hands or stim in other ways, then you're ableist. But the truth is, some people just don't like being insulted, and CONTRARY TO THE POPULAR BELIEF HELD BY THESE WACKOS, some of us actually do act a bit like Sheldon Cooper. I insulted my own dad to his face ON HIS BIRTHDAY because I thought what I said was a compliment. If I had done that to someone who didn't know me well they wouldn't want to stick around to hear me apologize. And that's not because they're ableist; it's because sometimes a lack of understanding in social cues leads us to offend people.

People have the right to choose to keep company who don't insult them all the time. Learning the social cues necessary for meaningful relationships (like actually delivering a compliment when you mean to deliver a compliment) are what allow people with ASD to have friends. Now if you as someone with ASD think that's a lot of work and you don't want friends, then that's fine. But parents are supposed to be giving you the skills for life, and they would probably want to teach their kid how to make friends, if they want them. This is what makes articles like, "Children With Autism Shouldn't Be Forced To Socialism," so disgusting.(26) I agree that parents of kids with autism shouldn't make their children feel bad if they choose not to marry or socialize much as adults (though to be fair, I don't think parents should shame any child for making different life choices so long as those choices are not immoral). HOWEVER, parenting involves teaching your child SKILLS. Those skills will vary from person to person, but just like some parents get their kids a tutor to help them through school, so to do autistic kids need a little extra nudge to get us to learn relationship skills. And it does us a disservice if you suggest that we shouldn't be parented with skills in mind, like other kids. This article literally recommends a lower standard of care for autistic people, and I'm tired of it.

Again, if you as someone with ASD don't want to use those skills in the future and don't want to socialize, then don't! I don't think there is any sort of moral hierarchy of extroverts over introverts over super-introverts. But parents should still be teaching you the skills to do so, just like teachers have math classes for kids who aren't going into (and might be really bad at) mathematics.

Furthermore, it's not self-hatred to want to overcome your own symptoms. I want friends, so I choose to learn the social cues I'm missing to help people feel honored and respected in conversations, because that's what I actually want to do. And it's ridiculous to assume that people should just have to take insults, constant monologuing, or obvious displays of aggressive/annoyed body language. (These are my own issues, no shade.) Nobody deserves to be treated poorly, and whether we mean to or not, a mis-replicated social behavior can come across that way. I think that people should give me a chance to apologize, and my friends do which is wonderful, but if I don't try to improve and be a better friend then they shouldn't keep me as one out of pity. (It also creates a weird sort of complex when you wonder if the only reason you have friends is because they're too scared or feel too sorry for you to ditch you.)

Everyone, neurotypical or not, compromises a bit in their relationships, since everyone getting their own way would literally mean that there are no friendships since two people do not agree in every instance. Saying that a diagnosis absolves us of needing to compromise is ridiculous because it makes us seem like we aren't capable of non-abusive relationships, and it's impractical because nobody would like us if we acted like jerks all the time.

The end of this reads like a bit of a rant upon editing, but I'm keeping it. This mindset is extraordinarily frustrating, and I think certain progressive disability activists are really setting us back. Hopefully this might change some minds, even if it reads a bit disordered.

References

1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30201051 Genetic link between altered gene, psychosis, and autism.

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6203776/ ASD and individuals with psychopathy both have bad scores on emotional testing but in different ways

3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996416301001 Autism and psychosis linked to poorer language cognition in ASD individuals

4. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996417305042#bb0200 Autism and Psychosis increases suicidality

5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X16300852 Aassociation of autism and psychosis

6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1769721217304299 Genetic analysis of copy number variants in ASD

7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346197 ASD and Schizophrenia on opposite ends of theory of mind issues

8. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763417304372?via%3Dihub#bbib0205 ASD issues are found in many psychiatric disorders

9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827676/ Schizophrenia and HFA similarities

10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322304001052 Autism Schizophrenia co-morbidity

11. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890856708601653 Autism Schizophrenia co-morbidity

12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996417305042#bb0035 Autism Schizophrenia co-morbidity

13. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811918307742?via%3Dihub 22q11.2 deletion information

14. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl233 Schizophrenia C1 Component

15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890856708601653 Childhood Schizophrenia Onset and Austism Similarity

16. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891422205000673?via%3Dihub#bib20 Autism and self-injury

17. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa013171 Rispersidone study

18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29368233 Self-injurious behavior while hospitalized

19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27178994 Autism self-injury self-report

20. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891422206000205 Self-injury and intellectual disability in ASD patients

21. https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/risk-of-epilepsy-in-autism-tied-to-age-intelligence/ Epilepsy in ASD patients vs. general population

22. https://everydayfeminism.com/2015/06/pushing-autism-cure-messed-up/ Pushing for a cure is wrong

23. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jan/14/autism-health I don't want to be cured

24. https://twitter.com/Mom2Rebels Tweets

25. https://www.madinamerica.com/2018/04/neurodiversity-dead-now-what/ Neurodiversity is Dead

26. https://theconversation.com/children-with-autism-shouldnt-be-forced-to-socialise-44585 ASD children shouldn't be forced to socialize