time traveler continued

More news reports

Twins… that aren’t – Reports of people who look exactly like someone’s twin (not just “somewhat like”) but aren’t actually twins. Different from doppelgangers, and more like the same physical design appearing again. Two alternates temporarily in the same reality…? (See this comment and thread for more.)

Whitey Bulger — Alleged Boston (MA, USA) gangster, did not die in 2013, in this reality. He’s still alive (as of August 2014).

More politics and political leaders

Abraham Lincoln – Alternate death. Alternate death date of son, Tad, as well.

Fidel Castro – Still alive (per Wikipedia in early 2016), but some recall a 2011 death.

Martin Luther King, Jr. — Shot with a handgun, at close range, or another cause of death?

Muammar Gaddafi — Some death memories from years before he was killed (in this timestream), and a couple of memories of him fleeing his country.

Mussolini – Looks different in recent historical photos. Not just different photos from what are in older news articles and textbooks, but a different man.

Osama bin Laden – Death reported in 2001 in the Middle East and elsewhere, with obituaries.

Ronald Reagan — Varying memories about when he was president, and when and how he died.

More pop culture

Brian Williams’ memories – A high-profile example of Mandela Effect, a blunder, or something else?

Gaming – Alternate Versions…? Several reports related to different games, online and off.

Life cereal commercial (1970s) – Did Mikey like everything, eat everything (or “eats anything”), orhate everything? (In this reality, it was “he hates everything.”) See Comment thread.

Music – lyrics, tracks, videos, and more – All music-related topics are discussed at this article.

Sara Lee products slogan/jingle – Some recall “Nobody doesn’t like Sara Lee,” (1960s’ commercial: https://youtu.be/Iirw147LHkQ ) but others recall it as “Nobody does it like Sara Lee.” And, they’re clear that they didn’t just mis-hear it.

Volvo car symbol (the badge/icon/logo on the car)… Some recall a major change.

Spelling (names)

Berenstein – Berenstain (Bears books, etc.)

Dettol – Dettox (cleaning products)

Febreeze – Febreze

Fruit Loops – Froot Loops (breakfast cereal)

Jiffy – Jif (peanut butter)

Kathy Lee Gifford – Kathie Lee Gifford (entertainer)

Kate Perry – Katy Perry (entertainer)

Liason – Liaison

Looney Tunes or Looney Toons

MacDonald’s – McDonald’s (restaurant)

Oscar Meyer or Oscar Mayer? – Processed meat products’ brand name. (See comments.)

Pete Townsend – Pete Townshend (drummer for The Who)

Reba McIntyre – Reba McEntire (entertainer)

Sketchers – Skechers (footwear brand name – It’s Skechers in this reality.)

Western Sizzler – Western Sizzlin – Name in this timestream is Western Sizzlin (ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sizzlin%27 ). Even FB pages lists Western Sizzler (ref: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Western-Sizzler-Auburn-Alabama/183908811678962 ).

(In every case, the latter spelling is correct in this reality.)

More spelling (dictionary)

Definitely or definately? Apparently, it’s the most misspelled word in the English language, but where did “definately” come from and why do people remember being taught that spelling in school…?

Dilemma or dilemna? A lot of people seem to recall the latter (the version with an N), but — in this timestream — it looks like that was never the correct spelling.

Other topics

Disney theme parks

Disney World – Some people remember entering the Magic Kingdom through the castle. A second, alternate memory: Everything else matched the current timestream, but the castle was much closer to the end of Main Street. (At Disney World, not Disneyland.)

Disney World – Some people recall taking a monorail from the Orlando airport directly to the Disney World property. The Orlando airport has a train, not a monorail, and it doesn’t take people to Disney World.

Disney World – A separate theme park in the Orlando (Florida) area. Maybe intended as a beta test site for attraction concepts? It’s not an abandoned park or project, and it’s much smaller (in acreage) than the main WDW property. Two main areas: (1) The theme park, and (2) one crescent-shaped building with shops and restaurants, plus one larger hotel on the other side of it. Generally, the theme park attractions are multi-level. (Note: Not confused with Universal Studios’ theme parks.)

Mars – No moons or two moons?

Segway – Available in beta around 1996? (No. The company was started in 1999, and the product was in pre-production, limited release in 2002. Ref.)

so they took down the site.. humor.. my own reality is such

South America is below North America ie Santiago Chile is a 11 to 9.5 hour flight to San Fransico.

Penelope is the princess in Wreck it Ralph.

Bernard is the Captain in Grimm television program.

Japan is south of South Korea there is no Japan Sea

New Zealand is north of Australia and one island not two.

La Paz, Bolivia is at 73 degrees year round no snow not cold ever.

Abe Lincoln is a senator not representative. ie for those conspiracy theorist Kennndy was a senator so was Lincoln.

There was no Montauk project in my world. No ITT company. China Motor was not used in Bolivia due to their engines not working well.

Obama visited Vietnam to apologies for the Vietnam war. Obama apologies to the Japanese for US dropping the Atom bomb.

Question: “Why is God going to send a strong delusion in the end times?”

Answer: The Bible makes it clear why God is sending a strong delusion in the end times: “They perish because they refused to love the truth and so be saved. For this reason God sends them a powerful delusion so that they will believe the lie and so that all will be condemned who have not believed the truth but have delighted in wickedness” (2 Thessalonians 2:10-12). Simply put, God sends a strong delusion to those who chose not to believe the gospel of Christ. Those who take delight in mocking and rejecting Him, He will condemn.

It is man’s choice whether to accept and believe the truth of Jesus Christ as presented in the Scriptures. To receive the truth and the love God offers is in keeping with its teachings, “This is love for God: to obey His commands” (1 John 5:3). Conversely, to know the truth and not obey it is to face the wrath of God: “The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness” (Romans 1:18). Frankly speaking, there is no more dangerous condition for man than to know the truth and refuse to obey it. To do so is to harden the heart and make God’s condemnation sure.

When one knows the truth and refuses to obey it, he is subject to any lie, any deception, any untruth that man can conjure up. “For although they knew God, they neither glorified Him nor gave thanks to Him, but their thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened. Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools” (Romans 1:21-22). Paul goes on in the next few verses to describe the mindset and behaviors of those who disbelieve (see Romans 1:29-31). As a result of man’s foolishness and his arrogant disdain of the things of God, “God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do what ought not to be done” (Romans 1:28). And correspondingly, “Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things deserve death, they not only continue to do these very things, but also approve of those who practice them” (Romans 1:32).

Isaiah puts it succinctly: “They have chosen their own ways, and their souls delight in their abominations; so I [God] also will choose harsh treatment for them and bring upon them what they dread. For when I called, no one answered, when I spoke, no one listened. They did evil in My sight and chose what displeases Me” (Isaiah 66:3-4).

When men know the truth and refuse to receive it, when they refuse to obey it and hold it in unrighteousness, “they will be condemned for enjoying evil rather than believing the truth” (2 Thessalonians 2:12 NLT).

“God is love” (1 John 4:16). He is not some cruel monster who deliberately and inwardly delights in preparing people for everlasting condemnation. But He earnestly and lovingly proclaims the gospel of Christ, “not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to come to repentance” (2 Peter 3:9).

Throughout the Scriptures, God urges people to accept the truth. But when people reject Him and spurn His message, then—and not until then—God hardens them and turns them over to a deluded mind to wallow in their wickedness to their eternal damnation. This is what the Lord says about those who choose to reject the truth: “They greatly love to wander; they do not restrain their feet. So the Lord does not accept them; He will now remember their wickedness and punish them for their sins” (Jeremiah 14:10).

parade

CLINTON SIEGLE·SATURDAY, JULY 30, 20161 Read

Todays parade. I am hoping for another one to judge what I saw. First off I love to dance. there were no old people dancing and the young people did not dance. I am not sure which is more disappointing expecting fun or realizing this is the spirit in this universe and wondering if money has eaten their soul or if they are just out of tune with music or if someone Windfinders or something is killing off old people. I am not sure what I saw. If I was with a friend I would be swearing. The drinking was less, the dancing less, and instead of midnight the whole thing got over at 740 PM. What type of parade is that. Forgive my complaining but I get out of my room not that often and to be excited about something and have it go from a A minus last year to a C at most a B minus this year. Dear travel agency of the multiverse not complaining much just some small details were missing. Little kids playing in the street, dancing, music to dance to, drinking that made friendships, I am not much of a partier but I think you have done something with the human soul and not complaining just pointing out that something better exists and you could do better. yes you have more money, yes bigger houses, yes the women are more pretty at points. No this is not my world, thank you for playing but I need something more.

On May 20th , 2016 New a few months away My mind was awoken o a new world of imaginations and wildest dreaming possibilitie...

CLINTON SIEGLE·MONDAY, JULY 25, 2016

On May 20th , 2016 New a few months away My mind was awoken o a new world of imaginations and wildest dreaming possibilities A world of mutlivere was opened up to me you might say that is a dream I say it is more than a dream I have seen fresh skies my friend I have seen BREXIST US leave and BRESICT and UK stay I have seen a mountain move I have seen the convenient change I have seen countries change Yes we live in a mutliverse each turn we make is duplicated I thought I was an outliner A one plus something in a trillion multiverse on different earths only to discover my life has repeated over and over again Teh meaning is several new questions The first of course if I turn right or left which universe is it that I live in Is there a deity or just a being with higher technology Is there meaning in life for if everything is done twice or more what is the purpose for Then I asked a simple question and realization hit me like a drunk hitting the floor IT everything under the sun has been done That means all scary tales are true All stories are rue Someplace near you is the mutliverse are vampires Somplace out there is aliens someplace out there AI has taken over the nuclear grid Somepace out there are super heros A smidgen away is a bullet to the greatest adventure you will ever have for if the rainbow found by CERN accidentally indicates we are not alone Not even in our thoughts and dreams For I bet that there is another me typing this exact same poem In another dream That is the purpose of the multiverse to see to reason to realize that you are not alone you have a purpose you may not have a home you are traveler on a adventure come follow me for this is not my home

tale

CLINTON SIEGLE·FRIDAY, JULY 1, 2016

The dragon egg was being warmed too the touch. The raven was waiting by the window when a ghost appeared from fae world. The end is near calling or crowing the end is coming near. Watch what you want. Be careful for the world is coming to an end. There are those that believe in seven cycles the Jews, there are those that believe the second woman made for Adam was queen of the fae.. There are those that believe this is the third cycle of life here on earth and it shall recover and start again four more times.. There are those that believe this is the last of the seventh cycle of phase- and there will be a great change to end the cycles.. The raven knows a secret this life is meaningless unless the soul finds the place its energy is suppose to power. For those lucky few that know or suspect what to do.. to tell the tale correctly a warm hot chocolate is needed. The tale is old beyond years untold. But for those creators - it was but a day or specifically 14 or 5 days ago depending on times and ages believed in. There is nothing new under the sun. This is but a life energy equates to something worth spending.. so the question back to the dragon egg what does that have to do with an egg.. or for that matter a beginning of a new age. Once upon a time there was a ghostly tale or therein... May 20th 2016 a person let us just call him the author of this story awoke with a yell. His thoughts coming into his head was what was the matter with this person. Yelling is not what I do nor what I expect of other people to do. The day carried on in a different tone then normal. Accompanying his mother in law to the hospital he noticed several things had changed. There was a paper wall divider added the size of a whole wall and for some extradonary reason there were people in the wing and lines to a window that had appeared out of no where that he could recall having visited the hospital several times prior to this trip. His mind was not into much more thinking at that time because he had gotten some cookies. The first cookies in a while. People are strange. Instead of marvaling at being thrown into a new universe the author was happy to eat cookies and patiently awaiting his mother in law to come back. You see sometimes noticing things and realizing things are two different senses. Happiness for cookies however is something he could hold onto tanglibily and did with happiness. Upon his mother in law returning we went outside for a taxi. Now here is the strange of it. We argued with three taxis until the fourth one. The author not being involved with the first three arguements asked what the issue was. The taxis wanted 15 BS instead of 10 BS. The new mother inlaw remembered 10 BS and was a very nonsensical woman who was not taking any of the raising the prices... Upon getting out of the taxi the author realized something strange the US embassy was totally different. The window once wide with the show of we are strong were now narrow like gun ports where one would expect archers to being hiding behind. The author just shock his head and entered his appointment not thinking much.. DO SOMETHING instead copy and paste this into your senators facebook page ″ Senator Warren requesting you remove Senator McConnell.. Senator McConnel said recently that the two biggest threats to our national debt are Medicare and Social security. He said that these programs must be cut in order to get a handle on our debt. I assume that you have passed a high school civics class at some point If so you will recall that BOTH of these programs are funded 100% by FICA dedcuctions from paychecks and thus have absolutely ZERO to do with the national debt. SO follow me here IF yo donot know this then you are apparently VASTLY under-qualified to hold office and should resign. However if you do know it, well then you are a liar. Which is it Mitch? STOP funding war and pay the debt.. shame on you for scaring those in need. http://www.pewresearch.org/.../5-fa... NOT ONE dime is being spent from the national debt.. SHAME ON YOU.. Think before thinking becomes illegal.. shame on democrats for declaring war WARMONGERS VOTE DEMOCRAT Who started WWI? Not Muslims . Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) Democrat 1913-1921 - campaigned against the war one month later declared war due to ammunition transport with civilians being blown up after warnings. - Who started WWII? Not Muslims Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) Democrat 1933-1945 - campaigned against the war - but opening caused the war with japan per policy of democrats 1940https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?... - Who got us into Vietnam over flat out lies particularly the Gulf of Tonkin which never happened? Not Muslims Lyndon Johnson Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-1973) Democrat 1963-1969 the incident never happened - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_... Who got us into or has continued to bomb Libya bombed murdered leader Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Egypt imprisoned leader/murdered citizens Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Syria bombed and attempt murder leader Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Somalia bombed citizens Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Pakistan bombed citizens Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Afghanistan bombed citizens Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Philippines bombed citizens Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Yemen bombed citizens Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Iraqi bombed citizens Obama Democrat (2009-2016) Hilary will continue these policies no to Hillary Hillary voted for a 6 trillion dollar war to lose to ISIS. She cost each tax payer in the US 50,000 dollars..Hillary as head of state lost 6 billion dollars..Hillary as head of state vetted ISIS and gave them 1.3 billion dollars.If a portion of that even 1 percent was spent on the environment instead of war would be far better off..

change

CLINTON SIEGLE·SATURDAY, JULY 30, 20168 Reads

Creation Simulator or how D wave quantum computer is allowing a person to travel across the multiverse. To begin with my name is Clinton Siegle and yes, I am disabled and living in La Paz, Bolivia. My story starts like most days being human. Waking up and doing exactly the identicle thing in the equivalent location with the same people. That is up until May 20th, 2016. I was awoken with yelling from a woman that sounded like my wife. If you do not understand the significance, it might help if I explain to you rules of my life. You do not lie nor yell at me. I am me inside my mind and never will I yell at you and I expect the same. I got to shower and was dressing when the first change struck. My socks which are a diabetic sock confine you would buy and use for hunting socks were straight dress socks. I asked my wife. When did I get new socks. She said never and that these were my normal socks. I kind of shrugged off what was happening and went to look like a pair that would keep me warm. All my socks that I knew were gone. In their place were dress socks. That was the start of an interesting day. I was to accompany my mother in law to cancer treatment which I had done several times before. The difference was slight, and I did not pay much attention to my surroundings but went with her to the van location to be picked up. To my surprise, there were several vans. In my universe, there are two or three that day the beginning of my adventure, there were nine vans awaiting us to go. I started seeing things differently a pizza place I normally frequently was freshly painted, but not fresh paint. Meaning the colors were different. We got to the hospital and to my surprise where I normally sit in the dark without anyone. Surrounding me was full. And evidently this place was the maternity wing where in my universe, this was the waiting section for part of the hospital where people awaited being called upstairs. However, in that universe, there were lines. This was unexpected and only retrospect. Can I speak of this. My mind did not grasp what was happening until three days after this trip to the hospital. My mother in law’s chemo was an extra hour longer, for some reason, and I went outside to where I normally sneak a cookie wafer. To my surprise the price from Wednesday to Friday went down 50 centavos. For those that do not know Bolivia, a BS is worth roughly 13 cents. And being disabled and on a budget, saving 7 cents was interesting. I had to ask and double check with the lady because I was a bit disturbed at the pricing difference. When my mother in law was done we got out to the street to catch a taxi to the front of the US embassy in La Paz, Bolivia. This was where I knew something was up. My mother in law was new to this location as well as me. We argued with the taxi drivers of four taxis. You see on Wednesday the cost was 10 BS to our next stop, but the first three demanded 15 BS and finally my mother in law gave in and paid it. I asked her what she normally pays, and she said 5 BS. That is when I thought, I was crazy for a moment. Upon arriving at the front of the embassy. Instead of the broad window that showed, we did not fear anyone or anything. The embassy windows looked like arrow ports where the embassy was a defense fort instead of the embassy of acceptance and power. I was a bit more than a little disturbed but went for my appointment. I had been to this therapist for six visits and in walking in I was more than a little taken back. The furniture all the blue seats were now red. You would say who cares or so what she got new furniture. No and this is the wild part, there was a scratch on a table with the same fabric as the seats. You say so what that scratch was there before, and tears right into the fabricate just like my universe but instead of a dark blue, the color was red. I was silent and just watched what I said and what I did. I got home that night from three appointments and went to go to my bed. I mentioned some of the changes and my wife. Thought fumes from a new floor wax was the problem and moved me into my kid’s room while my kid moved into a different room. That is where this story becomes even odder and such. I pay attention to small stuff due to worrying about my eyesight and where I might have left something. That night my kids Precious moments framed cartoon was three feet from a door and high as my head. The next morning, I had lost my eyesight in my left eye, and the precious moment painting was at present at my waist height and from where the old spot would have been at 8 55 position it now was at a 435 position. Meaning in the night someone either went into my room and rearranged everything, or I was someone else. I did not understand it then nor for some time later, but I was moving between multiverses. That day I thought I was nuts. For the next few weeks which turned to current date, I was transferred each night around 1 AM to a new location. I have seen from my baseline world things; I can remember the following. Sketchers the name for a shoe branding for stretching goes to Skechers. I have seen Bernie Sanders win Kentucky in the primary. I have seen the Republican Party convention move from July 7th through July 10th to July 18th through July 21st. I have seen BREXIT UK stay within the EU on a Tuesday vote EU 56 percent to leave 44 and then I have seen the UK leave at 51 percent and EU stay loss at 49 percent. I have seen the word racist used for both staying and leaving the EU. After a while, I stopped watching news because I was a bit more upset, then I could handle at a time. I tried to talk with people, and only a Navy commander would write back, and he told me that I was on drugs Lord if I could be on drugs that would make this trip worthwhile. I started to look for different answers to my problem. I found several new ideas on math. Rainbow universe, which means there was no big bang that started all this. I found Montauk project, which being a conspiracy theorist in my universe was both fresh to me. I found universes where people names and emails were no so private, and I asked several cosmetologist and mathematicians what was going on. No one seemed to care. My navy friend stopped talking to me when I told him Nepolean was spelled differently which he said Napoleon was spelled always that way. That is just the start of my search. I started to go back and ask certain things and discovered that both my daughters had experienced the same unique experience having been somewhere and then awaking in a new place. My oldest her time travel lasted from November through December. She told me her mom told her to just let it go. My youngest is still traveling her personality is such that only a person who knows her can see her change from a caring kid to a somewhat selfish kid to a genius at times. As for myself, my last night’s trip was to watch Wreck it Ralph. Instead of Penalope being the princesses, they call her Vanillepe and guess what there is a Wreck it Ralph part II in that universe. Wild.. All this brings me down to my search for the cause of this. In my professional career, I was a scheduler and used Monte Carlo simulations. After 54 days of travels, I came upon something that all three of the people I know used and was differently set up. Google connected their Dwave computer onto Minecraft. They had allowed someone to hack or ask a quantum computer a question which instead of using just their world or universe, they used the word all command. That little mistake if math holds correct changed 100,000 people’s minds in the multiverse. If you have not guessed, it my body is elsewhere but my mind is trying to get back home. The question which was asked had something to deal with stories. The answer they got was good, but then they said this. Put everything back at 100 percent. For those that do not work Monte Carlo simulations, 100 percent and the word EXACT are two different concepts. Meaning there are outliners in ever simulations that you have to manually re-enter the outliner or what is known as the butterfly effect occurs. Meaning the outliner is used but placed not in the same place, time, nor location. You ask what is the difference between place and location. A place is, for example, a Pizza Hut, while a location is geographical location. Without knowing the baseline whomever said 100 percent to a computer does not understand that in an infinite computer that there is a rounding error usually unseen after a certain number of computer simulations. Example in using MS Project 98 if an hourly wage is used with seconds, minutes, hours, and days with an estimate of three million dollars, or more you could expect costs to be off by 43 dollars due to some time being either added or subtracted depending on the usage of minutes versus hours. The same with location of a place. I tracked the mountain illuminati and New Zealand, Japan, etc and realized certain locations did not change but places where I was had. Meaning I could normally see Illumnati at my breakfast table turning my head. I can no longer see illuminati, unless I go outside and sit in a park bench. For the first few weeks, I tracked the mountain and was wildly crazy about seeing it move. Until I discovered it was my location that had moved. Today is July 14th land the changes I realized from yesterday are. The fence had 19 metal bars painted red to get to green bar and today; There are only 17 red bars to the green bar. What is the meaning of this story? There is multiverse is all I can say at present. And my research is pointing that somehow my travels and adventures are related to D wave computing and Google. https://cosmofunnel.com/stories/reptiles-parallel-universe-travels-no-diety-discovered-issues-with-other-life-questions-in

diary what I saw today which is impossible

CLINTON SIEGLE·SATURDAY, JULY 30, 20161 Read

So today walk in the multiverse. 1. I can see my mountain. Three days ago on Wednesday I had to walk to the telefairco and get on it and ride it to the top of another hill mountain to see it. Today I went to my local cookie store and there it was. 2. This world is richer than mine. China motor, ITT, and a few companies do not have the power in my world. Meaning I saw five China motor vans. In my world China Motor is not considered of value and the motors do not work well in mountain areas thus no one buys them it is all toyato or nissans. Surprising I am seeing ford here. This is a turn about route I think I have been here before but not sure. The dogs I visit at the library garden are different. I ustually have three of them and today there was only two plus a new one that looked like it had fallen right out of the dryer but still dirty. Wife is mad at me guess whomever was here yesterday forgot to tell her something. What else. Ah a parade I am going to see a parade. If I am totally blown away I shall share photos. Cosmofunnel is blocking me now. I have no where to write a journal. I wrote 11 math professors nothing, written a rabbi he is still thinking what to say to me. Wrote two scienfication writer Ron Hubberard followers and they are the only ones writing me back. My personal friend has given up on me. The advise I was given was to breath. quiet room. I do not think they understand I am alone much of the day quiet except writing and a computer which I have had to get a different one due to the old one being broken. The world is a strange place but I have some speculations. Minecraft was hooked up to DWave quantum computer CERN hit the delete file of a multiverse brain and or my little kid is a genius. Either way I am still traveling and realize I might get back to my home planet. Wild. Multiverse true. Rainbow Universe true

parade

CLINTON SIEGLE·SATURDAY, JULY 30, 20161 Read

Todays parade. I am hoping for another one to judge what I saw. First off I love to dance. there were no old people dancing and the young people did not dance. I am not sure which is more disappointing expecting fun or realizing this is the spirit in this universe and wondering if money has eaten their soul or if they are just out of tune with music or if someone Windfinders or something is killing off old people. I am not sure what I saw. If I was with a friend I would be swearing. The drinking was less, the dancing less, and instead of midnight the whole thing got over at 740 PM. What type of parade is that. Forgive my complaining but I get out of my room not that often and to be excited about something and have it go from a A minus last year to a C at most a B minus this year. Dear travel agency of the multiverse not complaining much just some small details were missing. Little kids playing in the street, dancing, music to dance to, drinking that made friendships, I am not much of a partier but I think you have done something with the human soul and not complaining just pointing out that something better exists and you could do better. yes you have more money, yes bigger houses, yes the women are more pretty at points. No this is not my world, thank you for playing but I need something more.

on a trip

CLINTON SIEGLE·SATURDAY, JULY 30, 20164 Reads

Clinton Siegle22 June 2016, 05:57

6 22 Finding things differently - one there is a chance reptiles are going to replace humanity. Two there is a God per diety that we worship. Three change is not what I would expect - ie there is a brain holding each universe in a game pattern that can not be broken in most cases. ie money, accounts, bills, lost opportunities, seem similar enough. Four personsalities.. they change along with shifting earth.. The butterfly affect is truly amazing to watch. I thought the mountain moved. Then I started paying attention to where I was and realized my location shifted even if I was in the same house. Meaning earth shifts moutains etc tend to stay the same. Fifth shifting to other people reality is not as scary as it was for a while. I am tired of being scared and being yelled at.. life if there is a soul which I believe there might be is teaching me something.. if I learn it I will pass it on. Reply

Clinton Siegle22 June 2016, 14:14

Clinton Siegle Jun 13 (9 days ago)to orgoneproducts1, skybooksThis message has been deleted. Restore messageDear Mr. Moon, Mr Preston B. Nichols,I am writing to you because I can find you on the internet.Since 5.20 I have been traveling to different people’s realities is the best to explain.Locations, braning of products, colors, sounds, taste and personalities all have changed several times along with my feelings towards this adventure.I am wondering my eyesight is getting better ere but worst for the guy tat was me today. What and how do I get back to my timeframe?Also can I sue CERN for these affects to my life meaning I have discovered a few things that I make me going home a question that I am unsure how to reflect on.https://cosmofunnel.com/stories/a-d... Remember I am blind in one eye and typing this with size 350 font so if some words are wrong I apolgieis.Tank you and hopefully you will respongSky BooksJun 13 (9 days ago)to meThis message has been deleted. Restore messageSorry, but we do not have such time capabilities.Only thing I could suggest would be getting grounded in the reality you are experiencing.Suggestion: CONTROL YOUR BREATH = CONTROL YOUR LIFEBest,PeterNEW VIDEOS JUST RELEASED: Learn the science of time travel in Peter Moon’s brand new and easy to understand videos “Time Travel Explained”. To sign up: up: http://zeqyedx3.megaph.com/Clinton Siegle Jun 13 (9 days ago)to SkyThis message has been deleted. Restore messagePeter,Have you read what I have been going through?I am not enjoying this stop at all.You say focus and breath.I am more interested in the computer simulation set up in 1950s that was supposedly working for Dr. John Von Neumann.Since 57 the program should be easy to duplicate in todays world. Any ideas on who to ask and how to get out of here?Thanks,ClintonSky BooksJun 13 (9 days ago)to meThis message has been deleted. Restore messageYou might find the same or a similar situation if you were indeed able to escape.This is why life presents us challenges.Try breathing......it is the basis of life.....Clinton Siegle Jun 14 (8 days ago)to SkyThis message has been deleted. Restore messageMarina von Neumann Whitman has a computer from her father some place.I am more of a practical person.Clinton Siegle Jun 15 (7 days ago)to SkyThis message has been deleted. Restore messageBut according to the interview he is or was a consultant in 1989.I know he died in 1956. But according to the article the person speaking saw him as late as 1989.Clinton Siegle Jun 15 (7 days ago)to SkyThis message has been deleted. Restore messageI am a bit more personal.She messaged me from Spain on facebook.I do not know her personally.The wildness here is the email access.Three days ago I had never heard of Dr. von Neumann.Three days ago I had never heard of you nor any additional project outside of ^Philadelphia the Montauk Project is something new to my timeline.In my timeline the Mandela Effect showed up as a google date 5 16 on 5 20 when I realized something is up I was number 402 viewing some guy talking about changes etc.Meaning Mr. Books the world I came up in both Mandela and Montauk was or were not part of it. Meaning I am what they considered a conspiracy nut and would have known of you or Preston Nichols. My world Santiago, Chile is right under San Francisco 11 hours by some airlines and 9.5 hours by others.My world there is no two New Zealand island it is one island.Japan is south of South Korean there is no Japan Sea.The world is strange and marvalous but at times I must accept where I am at. The difference how nutty your politics is. Clinton Siegle Jun 15 (7 days ago)to SkyThis message has been deleted. Restore messageYou know worlds change - I recognized finally a name. Pruitt - https://www.linkedin.com/in/joshua-... my timeline he was boss https://cosmofunnel.com/stories/men... Siegle

Clinton Siegle22 June 2016, 19:16

Hot Big Bang :In the 1930′s it was discovered by Edwin Hubble that all galaxies have a positive redshift. In other words, all galaxies were receding from the Milky Way. By the Copernican principle, we deduce that all galaxies are receding from each other, or we live in a dynamic, expanding Universe. The expansion of the Universe is described by a very simple equation called Hubble’s law; the velocity of the recession of a galaxy is equal to a constant times its distance (v=Hd). Where the constant is called Hubble’s constant and relates distance to velocity in units of light-years.The discovery of an expanding Universe implies the obvious, that the Universe must have an initial starting point, a Creation. A point in the past when the radius of the Universe was zero. Since all the matter in the Universe must have been condensed in a small region, along with all its energy, this moment of Creation is referred to as the Big Bang.A common question that is asked when considering a Creation point in time is ``What is before the Big Bang?″. This type is question is meaningless or without context. For example, it is similar to asking ``What is north of the North Pole?″. The question itself can not be phrased in a meaningful way.Four main pieces of scientific evidence support the Big Bang theory:Olber’s paradoxexpanding Universe (Hubble’s law)chemical abundances of light elementscosmic microwave backgroundThe Big Bang theory has been supported by numerous observations and, regardless of our final theories of the Universe, remains the core element to our understanding of the past. Note that a Creation point automatically implies two things: 1) the Universe has a finite age (about 15 billion years) and 2) the Universe has a finite size.Geometry of the Universe :How can the Universe be finite in size? What is ``outside″ the Universe? The answer to both these questions involves a discussion of the intrinsic geometry of the Universe.There are basically three possible shapes to the Universe; a flat Universe (Euclidean or zero curvature), a spherical or closed Universe (positive curvature) or a hyperbolic or open Universe (negative curvature). Note that this curvature is similar to spacetime curvature due to masses, like stars, in that the entire mass of the Universe determines the curvature.All three geometries are classes of what is called Riemannian geometry, based on three possible states for parallel linesnever meeting (flat or Euclidean)must cross (spherical)always divergent (hyperbolic)or one can think of triangles where for a flat Universe the angles of a triangle sum to 180 degrees, in a closed Universe the sum must be greater than 180, in an open Universe the sum must be less than 180.Its important to remember that the above images are 2D shadows of 3D space, it is impossible to draw the geometry of the Universe, it can only be described by mathematics. All possible Universes are finite since there is only a finite age and, therefore, a limiting horizon. The geometry may be flat or open, and therefore infinite, but the amount of mass and time in our Universe is finite.Density of the Universe:The description of the various geometries of the Universe (open, closed, flat) also relate to their futures. There are two possible futures for our Universe, continual expansion (open and flat), turn-around and collapse (closed). Note that flat is the specific case of expansion to zero velocity.The key factor that determines which history is correct is the amount of mass/gravity for the Universe as a whole. If there is sufficient mass, then the expansion of the Universe will be slowed to the point of stopping, then retraction to collapse. If there is not a sufficient amount of mass, then the Universe will expand forever without stopping. The flat Universe is one where there is exactly the balance of mass to slow the expansion to zero, but not for collapse.The parameter that is used to measure the mass of the Universe is the critical density, Omega. Omega is usually expressed as the ratio of the mean density observed to that of the density in a flat Universe.Given all the range of values for the mean density of the Universe, it is strangely close to the density of a flat Universe. And our theories of the early Universe (see inflation) strongly suggest the value of Omega should be exactly equal to one. If so our measurements of the density by galaxy counts or dynamics are grossly in error and remains one of the key problems for modern astrophysics.Birth of the Universe :Physics of the early Universe is at the boundary of astronomy and philosophy since we do not currently have a complete theory that unifies all the fundamental forces of Nature at the moment of Creation. Thus, there is no possibility of linking observation or experimentation of early Universe physics to our theories (i.e. its not possible to `build’ another Universe) and, thus, our theories are rejected or accepted based on simplicity and aesthetic grounds rather than an appeal to empirical results. This is a very difference way of doing science from centuries.Our physics can explain most of the evolution of the Universe after the Planck time (approximately 10-43 seconds after the Big Bang). However, the time before this undefined in our current science and, in particular, we have no solid understanding of the origin of the Universe (i.e. what started or `caused’ the Big Bang). At best, we can describe our efforts to date as probing around the `edges’ of our understand in order to define what we don’t understand, much like a blind person would explore the edge of a deep hole.Cosmic Singularity :One thing is clear in our framing of questions such as “How did the Universe get started?” is that the Universe was self-creating. This is not a statement on a `cause’ behind the origin of the Universe, nor is it a statement on a lack of purpose or destiny. It is simply a statement that the Universe was emergent, that the actual of the Universe probably derived from a indeterminate sea of potentiality whose properties may always remain beyond our understanding.Extrapolation from the present to the moment of Creation implies an origin of infinite density and infinite temperature (all the Universe’s mass and energy pushed to a point of zero volume). Such a point is called the cosmic singularity.Infinites are unacceptable as physical descriptions but our observers are protected by the principle of cosmic censorship. This means that singularities exists only mathematically and not as a physical reality that we can observe or measure. A typical solution to this problem is an event horizon as with black holes.Planck Era :The earliest moments of Creation are where our modern physics breakdown, where `breakdown’ means that our theories and laws have no ability to describe or predict the behavior of the early Universe. Our everyday notions of space and time cease to be valid.Although we have little knowledge of the Universe before the Planck time, we can calculate when this era ends and when our physics begins. This occurs when the Universe is at the Planck scale in its expansion.Remember, there is no `outside’ to the Universe. One could, in theory, measure the size of the Universe much like you measure the radius of the Earth. You don’t dig a hole in the Earth and lower a tape measure, you measure the circumference (take an airplane ride) of the Earth and divide by 2 pi (i.e. C = 2 x pi x radius).The Universe expands from the moment of the Big Bang, but until the Universe reaches the size of the Planck scale, there is no time or space. Time remains undefined, space is compactified. Superstring theory maintains that the Universe had 10 dimensions during the Planck era, which collapses into 4 at the end of the Planck era (think of those extra 6 dimensions as being very, very small hyperspheres inbetween the space between elementary particles, 4 big dimensions and 6 little tiny ones).During the Planck era, the Universe can be best described as a quantum foam of 10 dimensions containing Planck length sized black holes continuously being created and annihilated with no cause or effect. In other words, try not to think about this era.Unification :One of the reasons our physics is incomplete during the Planck era is a lack of understand of the unification of the forces of Nature during this time. At high energies and temperatures, the forces of Nature become symmetric. This means the forces resemble each other and become similar in strength, they unify.An example of unification is the consider the interaction of the weak and electromagnetic forces. At low energy, photons and W,Z particles are the force carriers for the electromagnetic and weak forces. The W and Z particles are very massive and, thus, require alot of energy (E=mc**2). At high energies, photons take on similar energies to W and Z particles, and the forces become unified into the electroweak force.There is the expectation that all the nuclear forces of matter (strong, weak and electromagnetic) unify at extremely high temperatures under a principle known as Grand Unified Theory, an extension of quantum physics of as yet undiscovered relationships between the strong and electroweak forces.The final unification resolves the relationship between quantum forces and gravity (supergravity).In the early Universe, the physics to predict the behavior of matter is determined by which forces are unified and the form that they take. The interactions just at the edge of the Planck era are ruled by supergravity, the quantum effects of mini-black holes. After the separation of gravity and nuclear forces, the spacetime of the Universe is distinct from matter and radiation.Spacetime Foam :The first moments after the Planck era are dominated by conditions were spacetime itself is twisted and distorted by the pressures of the extremely small and dense Universe.Most of these black holes and wormholes are leftover from the Planck era, remnants of the event horizon that protected the cosmic singularity. These conditions are hostile to any organization or structure not protected by an event horizon. Thus, black holes are the only units that can survive intact under these conditions, and serve as the first building blocks of structure in the Universe, the first `things’ that have individuality.Based on computer simulations of these early moments, there is the prediction that many small, primordial black holes were created at this time with no large black holes (the Universe was too small for them to exist). However, due to Hawking radiation, the primordial black holes from this epoch have all decayed and disappeared by the present-day.Matter arises at the end of the spacetime foam epoch as the result of superstrings, or loops in spacetime. The transformation is from ripping spacetime foam into black holes, which then transmute into elementary particles. Thus, there is a difference between something and nothing, but it is purely geometrical and there is nothing behind the geometry. Matter during this era is often called GUT matter to symbolize its difference from quarks and leptons and its existence under GUT forces.Symmetry Breaking:In the early Universe, pressures and temperature prevented the permanent establishment of elementary particles. Even quarks and leptons were unable to form stable objects until the Universe had cooled beyond the supergravity phase. If the fundamental building blocks of Nature (elementary particles) or spacetime itself were not permanent then what remained the same? The answer is symmetry.Often symmetry is thought of as a relationship, but in fact it has its own identical that is preserved during the chaos and flux of the early Universe. Even though virtual particles are created and destroyed, there is always a symmetry to the process. For example, for every virtual electron that is formed a virtual positron (anti-electron) is also formed. There is a time symmetric, mirror-like quality to every interaction in the early Universe.Symmetry also leads to conservation laws, and conservation laws limit the possible interactions between particles. Those imaginary processes that violate conservation laws are forbidden. So the existence of symmetry provides a source of order to the early Universe.Pure symmetry is like a spinning coin. The coin has two states, but while spinning neither state is determined, and yet both states exist. The coin is in a state of both/or. When the coin hits the floor the symmetry is broken (its either heads or tails) and energy is released in the process.The effect of symmetry breaking in the early Universe was a series of phase changes, much like when ice melts to water or water boils to stream. A phase change is the dramatic change in the internal order of a substance. When ice melts, the increased heat breaks the bonds in the lattice of water molecules, and the ice no longer holds its shape. Phase change in the early Universe occurs at the unification points of fundamental forces. The decoupling of those forces provides the energy input for the phase change.With respect to the Universe, a phase change during symmetry breaking is a point where the characteristics and the properties of the Universe make a radical change. At the supergravity symmetry breaking, the Universe passed from the Planck era of total chaos to the era of spacetime foam. Spacetime was acquired during the phase transition. During the GUT symmetry breaking, mass and spacetime separated and particles came into existence.Notice that as symmetry breaks, there is less order, more chaos. The march of entropy in the Universe apples to the laws of Nature as well as matter. The Universe at the time of the cosmic singularity was a time or pure symmetry, all the forces had equal strength, all the matter particles had the same mass (zero), spacetime was the same everywhere (although all twisted and convolved).Inflation:There are two major problems for the Big Bang model of the creation of the Universe. They areThe flatness problem relates to the density parameter of the Universe, . Values for can take on any number between 0.01 and 5 (lower than 0.01 and galaxies can’t form, more than 5 and the Universe is younger than the oldest rocks). The measured value is near 0.2. This is close to an of 1, which is strange because of 1 is an unstable point for the geometry of the Universe.the flatness problemthe horizon problemValues slightly below or above 1 in the early Universe rapidly grow to much less than 1 or much larger than 1 (like a ball at the top of a hill). So the fact that the measured value of 0.2 is so close to 1 that we expect to find in the future that our measured value is too low and that the Universe has a value of exactly equal to 1 for stability. And therefore, the flatness problem is that some mechanism is needed to get a value for to be exactly one (to balance the pencil).The horizon problem concerns the fact that the Universe is isotropic. No matter what distant corners of the Universe you look at, the sizes and distribution of objects is exactly the same (the Cosmological Principle). But there is no reason to expect this since opposite sides of the Universe are not causally connected, any information that is be transmitted from one side would not reach the other side in the lifetime of the Universe (limited to travel at the speed of light).All the Universe has an origin at the Big Bang, but time didn’t exist until after the Planck era. And by the end of that epoch, the Universe was already expanding such that opposite sides were not causally connected.The solution to both the flatness and horizon problems is due to a phase of the Universe called inflation. Currently, inflation is the only theory that explains why the observable Universe is both homogeneous and causally connected. During inflation the Universe expanded a factor of 1054, so that our horizon now only sees a small piece of what was the total Universe from the Big Bang.The cause of the inflation era was the symmetry breaking at the GUT unification point. At this moment, spacetime and matter separated and a tremendous amount of energy was released. This energy produced an overpressure that was applied not to the particles of matter, but to spacetime itself. Basically, the particles stood still as the space between them expanded at an exponential rate.Note that this inflation was effectively at more than the speed of light, but since the expansion was on the geometry of the Universe itself, and not the matter, then there is no violation of special relativity. Our visible Universe, the part of the Big Bang within our horizon, is effectively a `bubble’ on the larger Universe. However, those other bubbles are not physically real since they are outside our horizon. We can only relate to them in an imaginary, theoretical sense. They are outside our horizon and we will never be able to communicate with those other bubble universes.Inflation solves the flatness problem because of the exponential growth. Imagine a highly crumbled piece of paper. This paper represents the Big Bang universe before inflation. Inflation is like zooming in of some very, very small section of the paper. If we zoom in to a small enough scale the paper will appear flat. Our Universe must be exactly flat for the same reason, it is a very small piece of the larger Big Bang universe.The horizon problem is also solved in that our present Universe was simply a small piece of a larger Big Bang universe that was in causal connection before the inflation era. Other bubble universes might have very different constants and evolutionary paths, but our Universe is composed of a small, isotropic slice of the bigger Big Bang universe. Reply

universe is closed

CLINTON SIEGLE·MONDAY, AUGUST 8, 20161 Read

Is the Universe Closed? http://mathpages.com/rr/s7-01/7-01.htmThe unboundedness of space has a greater empirical certainty than any experience of the external world, but its infinitude does not in any way follow from this; quite the contrary. Space would necessarily be finite if one assumed independence of bodies from position, and thus ascribed to it a constant curvature, as long as this curvature had ever so small a positive value. B. Riemann, 1854Very soon after arriving at the final form of the field equations, Einstein began to consider their implications with regard to the overall structure of the universe. His 1917 paper presented a simple model of a closed spherical universe which “from the standpoint of the general theory of relativity lies nearest at hand”. In order to arrive at a quasi-static distribution of matter he found it necessary to introduce the “cosmological term” to the field equations (as discussed in Section 5.8), so he based his analysis on the equationswhere l is the cosmological constant. Before invoking the field equations we can consider the general form of a metric that is suitable for representing the large-scale structure of the universe. First, we ordinarily assume that the universe would appear to be more or less the same when viewed from the rest frame of any galaxy, anywhere in the universe (at the present epoch). This is sometimes called the Cosmological Principle.Then, since the universe on a large scale appears (to us) highly homogenous and isotropic, we infer that these symmetries apply to every region of space. This greatly restricts the class of possible metrics. In addition, we can choose, for each region of space, to make the time coordinate coincide with the proper time of the typical galaxy in that region. Also, according to the Cosmological Principle, the coefficients of the spatial terms of the (diagonalized) metric should be independent of location, and any dependence on the time coordinate must apply symmetrically to all the space coordinates. From this we can infer a metric of the formwhere s(t) is some (still to be determined) dimensionless scale factor dependent on time, and ds is the total space differential with no time dependence. In other words, the “shape” of the spatial metric is fixed, but the scale factor is a function of time. Recall that for a perfectly flat Euclidean space the differential line element iswhere r2 = x2 + y2 + z2. On the other hand, if we want to allow our space (at a given coordinate time t) to have curvature, the Cosmological Principle suggests that the (large scale) curvature should be the same everywhere and in every direction. Thus the Gaussian curvature of every two-dimensional tangent subspace has the same value at every point. Now suppose we embed a Euclidean three-dimensional space (x,y,z) in a four-dimensional space (w,x,y,z) whose metric iswhere k is either +1 or −1. If k = +1 the four-dimensional space is Euclidean, whereas if k = −1 it is pseudo-Euclidean (like the Minkowski metric). In either case the four-dimensional space is “flat”, i.e., has zero Riemannian curvature. We then consider a three-dimensional subspace comprising a sphere (or pseudo-sphere), i.e., the locus of points satisfying the conditionwhere A is a constant characteristic length. From this we have w2 = A2 - kr2, and thereforeSubstituting this into the four-dimensional line element above gives the metric for the three-dimensional sphere (or pseudo-sphere)Taking this as the spatial part of our overall spacetime metric (2), replacing r with Ar (so r is now dimensionless), and defining R(t) = As(t), we arrive atThis metric, with k = +1 and R(t) = constant, was the basis of Einstein’s 1917 paper, and it was subsequently studied by Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with both possible signs of k and with variable R(t). The general form was re-discovered by Robertson and Walker (independently) in 1935, so it is now often referred to as the Robertson-Walker metric. Notice that with k = +1 this metric essentially corresponds to polar coordinates on the “surface” of a sphere projected onto the “equatorial plane”, so each value of r corresponds to two points, one in the Northern and one in the Southern hemisphere. We could remedy this by making the change of variable r ® r/(1 + kr2/4), which (in the case k = +1) amounts to stereographic projection from the North pole to a tangent plane at the South pole. In terms of this transformed radial variable the Robertson-Walker metric has the formAs noted above, Einstein originally assumed R(t) = constant, i.e., he envisioned a static un-changing universe. He also assumed the matter in the universe was roughly “stationary” at each point with respect to these cosmological coordinates, so the only non-zero component of the stress-energy tensor in these coordinates is Ttt = r where r is the density of matter (assumed to be uniform, in accord with the Cosmological Principle). On this basis, the field equations implyHere the symbol R denotes the assumed constant value of R(t) (not to be confused with the Ricci curvature scalar). This explains why Einstein was originally led to introduce a non-zero cosmological constant l, because if we assume a static universe and the Cosmological Principle, the field equations of general relativity can only be satisfied if the density r is proportional to the cosmological constant. However, it was soon pointed out that this static model is unstable, so it is apriori unlikely to correspond to the physical universe. Moreover, astronomical observations subsequently indicated that the universe (on the largest observable scale) is actually expanding, so we shouldn’t restrict ourselves to models withR(t) = constant. If we allow R(t) to be variable, then the original field equations, without the cosmological term (i.e., with l = 0), do have solutions. In view of this, Einstein decided the cosmological term was unnecessary and should be excluded.Interestingly, George Gamow was working with Friedmann in Russia in the early 1920′s, and later recalled that “Friedmann noticed that Einstein had made a mistake in his alleged proof that the universe must necessarily be stable”. Specifically, Einstein had divided through an equation by a certain quantity, even though that quantity was zero under a certain set of conditions. As Gamow notes, “it is well known to students of high school algebra” that division by zero is not valid. Friedmann realized that this error invalidated Einstein’s argument against the possibility of a dynamic universe, and indeed under the condition that the quantity in question vanishes, it is possible to satisfy the field equations with a dynamic model, i.e., with a model of the form given by the Robertson-Walker metric with R(t) variable. It’s worth noting that Einstein’s 1917 paper did not actually contain any alleged proof that the universe must be static, but it did suggest that a non-zero cosmological constant required a non-zero density of matter. Shortly after Einstein’s paper appeared, de Sitter gave a counter-example (see Section 7.6), i.e., he described a model universe that had a non-zero l but zero matter density. However, unlike Einstein’s model, it was not static. Einstein objected strenuously to de Sitter’s model, because it showed that the field equations allowed inertia to exist in an empty universe, which Einstein viewed as “inertia relative to space”, and he still harbored hopes that general relativity would fulfill Mach’s idea that inertia should only be possible in relation to other masses. It was during the course of this debate that (presumably) Einstein advanced his “alleged proof” of the impossibility of dynamic models (with the errant division by zero?). However, before long Einstein withdrew his objection, realizing that his argument was flawed. Years later he recalled the sequence of events in a discussion with Gamow, and made the famous remark that it had been the biggest blunder of his life. This is usually interpreted to mean that he regretted ever considering a cosmological term (which seems to have been the case), but it could also be referring to his erroneous argument against the idea of a dynamic universe, resulting from his unfortunate “division by zero”.In any case, the Friedmann universes (with and without cosmological constant) became the “standard model” for cosmologies. If k = +1 the manifold represented by the Robertson-Walker metric is a finite spherical space, so it is called “closed”. If k = 0 or -1 the metric is typically interpreted as representing an infinite space, so it is called “open”. However, it’s worth noting that this need not be the case, because the metric gives only local attributes of the manifold; it does not tell us the overall global topology. For example, we discuss in Section 7.4 a manifold that is everywhere locally flat, but that is closed cylindrically. This shows that when we identify “open” (infinite) and “closed” (finite) universes with the cases k = −1 and k = +1 respectively, we are actually assuming the “maximal topology” for the given metric in each case.Based on the Robertson-Walker metric (3), we can compute the components of the Ricci tensor and scalar and substitute these along with the simple uniform stress-energy tensor into the field equations (1) to give the conditions on the scale function R = R(t):where dots signify derivatives with respect to t. As expected, if R(t) is constant, these equations reduce to the ones that appeared in Einstein’s original 1917 paper, whereas with variable R(t) we have a much wider range of possible solutions.It may not be obvious that these two equations have a simultaneous solution, but notice that if we multiply the first condition through by R(t)3 and differentiate with respect to t, we getThe left-hand side is equal to times the left-hand side of the second condition, which equals zero, so the right hand side must also vanish, i.e., the derivative of (8p/3)GrR(t)3must equal zero. This implies that there is a constant C such thatWith this stipulation, the two conditions are redundant, i.e., a solution of one is guaranteed to be a solution of the other. Substituting for (8p/3)Gr in the first condition and multiplying through by R(t)3, we arrive at the basic differential equation for the scale parameter of a Friedmann universeIncidentally, if we multiply through by R(t), differentiate with respect to t, divide through by, and differentiate again, the constants k and C drop out, and we arrive atWith l = 0 this is identical to the gravitational separation equation (3) in Section 4.2, showing that the cosmological scale parameter R(t) is yet another example of a naturally occurring spatial separation that satisfies this differential equation. It follows that the admissible functions R(t) (with l = 0) are formally identical to the gravitational free-fall solutions described in Section 4.3. Solving equation (4) (with l = 0) for and switching to normalized coordinates T = t/C and X = R/C, we getAccordingly as k equals −1, 0, or +1, integration of this equation givesA plot of these three solutions is shown below.In all three cases with l = 0, the expansion of the universe is slowing down, albeit only slightly for the case k = -1. However, if we allow a non-zero cosmological constant l, there is a much greater variety of possible solutions to Friedmann’s equation (2), including solutions in which the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating exponentially. Based on the cosmic scale parameter R and its derivatives, the three observable parameters traditionally used to characterize a particular solution areIn terms of these parameters, the constants appearing in the Friedmann equation (4) can be expressed asIn principle if astronomers could determine the values of H, q, and s with enough precision, we could decide on empirical grounds the sign of k, and whether or not l is zero. Thus, assuming the maximal topologies (and the large-scale validity of general relativity), we could determine whether the universe is open or closed, and whether it will expand forever or eventually re-contract. Unfortunately, none of the parameters is known with enough precision to distinguish between these possibilities.One source of uncertainty is in the estimates of the mass density r of the universe. Given the best current models of star masses, and the best optical counts of stars in galaxies, and the apparent density of galaxies, we estimate an overall mass density that is only a small fraction of what would be required to make k = 0. However, there are reasons to believe that much (perhaps most) of the matter in the universe is not luminous. (For example, the observed rotation of individual galaxies indicates that they ought to fly apart unless there is substantially more mass in them than is visible to us.) This has led physicists and astronomers to search for the “missing mass” in various forms.Another source of uncertainty is in the values of R and its derivatives. For example, in its relatively brief history, Hubble’s constant has undergone revisions of an order of magnitude, both upwards and downwards. In recent years the Hubble space telescope and several modern observatories on Earth seem to have found strong evidence that the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating. If so, then it could be accounted for in the context of general relativity only by a non-zero cosmological constant l (on a related question, see Section 7.6), with the implication that the universe is infinite and will expand forever (at an accelerating rate).Nevertheless, the idea of a closed finite universe is still of interest, partly because of the historical role it played in Einstein’s thought, but also because it remains (arguably) the model most compatible with the spirit of general relativity. In an address to the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1921, Einstein saidI must not fail to mention that a theoretical argument can be adduced in favor of the hypothesis of a finite universe. The general theory of relativity teaches that the inertia of a given body is greater as there are more ponderable masses in proximity to it; thus it seems very natural to reduce the total effect of inertia of a body to action and reaction between it and the other bodies in the universe... From the general theory of relativity it can be deduced that this total reduction of inertia to reciprocal action between masses - as required by E. Mach, for example - is possible only if the universe is spatially finite. On many physicists and astronomers this argument makes no impression...This is consistent with the approach taken in Einstein’s 1917 paper. Shortly thereafter he presented (in “The Meaning of Relativity”, 1922) the following three arguments against the conception of infinite space, and for the conception of a bounded, or closed, universe:(1) From the standpoint of the theory of relativity, to postulate a closed universe is very much simpler than to postulate the corresponding boundary condition at infinity of the quasi-Euclidean structure of the universe.(2) The idea that Mach expressed, that inertia depends on the mutual attraction of bodies, is contained, to a first approximation, in the equations of the theory of relativity; it follows from these equations that inertia depends, at least in part, upon mutual actions between masses. Thereby Mach’s idea gains in probability, as it is an unsatisfactory assumption to make that inertia depends in part upon mutual actions, and in part upon an independent property of space. But this idea of Mach’s corresponds only to a finite universe, bounded in space, and not to a quasi-Euclidean, infinite universe. From the standpoint of epistemology it is more satisfying to have the mechanical properties of space completely determined by matter, and this is the case only in a closed universe.(3) An infinite universe is possible only if the mean density of matter in the universe vanishes. Although such an assumption is logically possible, it is less probable than the assumption of a finite mean density of matter in the universe.Along these same lines, Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler (“Gravitation”) comment that general relativity “demands closure of the geometry in space as a boundary condition on the initial-value equations if they are to yield a well-determined and unique 4-geometry.” Interestingly, when they quote Einstein’s reasons in favor of a closed universe they omit the third without comment, although it reappears (with a caveat) in the subsequent “Inertia and Gravitation” of Ciufolini and Wheeler. As we’ve seen, Einstein was initially under the mistaken impression that the only cosmological solutions of the field equations are those withwhere R is the radius of the universe, r is the mean density of matter, and k is the gravitational constant. This much is consistent with modern treatments, which agree that at any given epoch in a Friedmann universe with constant non-negative curvature the radius is inversely proportional to the square root of the mean density. On the basis of (5) Einstein continuedIf the universe is quasi-Euclidean, and its radius of curvature therefore infinite, then r would vanish. But it is improbable that the mean density of matter in the universe is actually zero; this is our third argument against the assumption that the universe is quasi-Euclidean.However, in the 2nd edition of “The Meaning of Relativity” (1945), he added an appendix, “essentially nothing but an exposition of Friedmann’s idea”, i.e., the idea that “one can reconcile an everywhere finite density of matter with the original form of the equations of gravity [without the cosmological term] if one admits the time variability of the metric distances...”. In this appendix he acknowledged that in a dynamic model, as described above, it is perfectly possible to have an infinite universe with positive density of matter, provided that k = −1. It’s clear that Einstein originally had not seriously considered the possibility of a universe with positive mass density but overall negative curvature. In the first edition, whenever he mentioned the possibility of an infinite universe he referred to the space as “quasi-Euclidean”, which I take to mean “essentially flat”. He regarded this open infinite space as just a limiting case of a closed spherical universe with infinite radius. He simply did not entertain the possibility of a hyperbolic (k = −1) universe. (It’s interesting that Riemann, too, excluded spaces of negative curvature from his 1854 lecture, without justification.) His basic objection was evidently that a spacetime with negative curvature possesses an inherent structure independent of the matter it contains, and he was unable to conceive of any physical source of negative curvature. This typically entails “ad hoc” boundary conditions at infinity, precisely what’s required in an open universe, which Einstein regarded as contrary to the spirit of relativity.At the end of the appendix in the 2nd edition, Einstein conceded that it comes down to an empirical question. If (8p/3)Gr is greater than H2, then the universe is closed and spherical; otherwise it is open and flat or pseudospherical (hyperbolic). He also makes the interesting remark that although we might possibly prove the universe is spherical, “it is hardly imaginable that one could prove it to be pseudospherical”. His reasoning is that in order to prove the universe is spherical, we need only identify enough matter so that (8p/3)Grexceeds H2, whereas if our current estimate of r is less than this threshold, it will always be possible that there is still more “missing matter” that we have not yet identified. At this stage Einstein was assuming a zero cosmological constant, so it may not have occurred to him that it might someday be possible to determine empirically that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.Ironically, already in 1919 Einstein had written privately to Lorentz acknowledging the weakness of the idea that the universe must be closed.My view that the state of the ether (i.e., the gmn’s) must be determined by the matter alone has nothing compelling about it. That is why one cannot argue for the closure of the world with as much certainty as I have done.His use of the word “ether” for the gravitational/inertial field was in deference to Lorentz, but even aside from that, this is a remarkable statement, considering how strongly Einstein subsequently continued to promote the concept of a closed universe, based on the Machian idea that the metrical field “must be determined by the matter alone”. Even after he later disavowed “Mach’s principle”, he went on arguing in favor of a closed universe.Ultimately, was there any merit in Einstein’s skepticism toward the idea of an “open” universe? Even setting aside his third argument, the first two still carry some weight with some people, especially those who are sympathetic to Mach’s ideas regarding the relational origin of inertia. In an open universe we must accept the fact that there are multiple, physically distinct, solutions compatible with a given distribution of matter and (non-gravitational) energy. In such a universe the “background” inertial field can in no way be attributed to the matter and energy content of the universe. From this standpoint, general relativity can never give an unambiguous answer to the twins paradox (for example), because the proper time integral over a given path from A to B depends on the inertial field, and in an open universe this field cannot be inferred from the distribution of mass-energy. It is determined primarily by whatever absolute boundary conditions we choose to impose, independent of the distribution of mass-energy. Einstein believed that such boundary conditions were inherently non-relativistic, because they require us to single out a specific frame of reference - essentially Newton’s absolute space. (In later years a great deal of work has been done in attempting to develop boundary conditions “at infinity” that do not single out a particular frame. This is discussed further in Section 7.7.)The only alternative (in an open universe) that Einstein could see in 1917 was for the metric to degenerate far from matter in such a way that inertia vanishes, i.e., we would require that the metric at infinity go to something likeSuch a boundary condition would be the same with respect to any frame of reference, so it wouldn’t single out any specific frame as the absolute inertial frame of the universe. Einstein pursued this approach for a long time, but finally abandoned it because it evidently implies that the outermost shell of stars must exist in a metric very different from ours, and as a consequence we should observe their spectral signatures to be significantly shifted. (At the time there was no evidence of any “cosmological shift” in the spectra of the most distant stars. We can only speculate how Einstein would have reacted to the discovery of quasars, the most distant objects known, which are in fact characterized by extreme redshifts and apparently extraordinary energies.)The remaining option that Einstein considered for an open asymptotically flat universe is to require that, for a suitable choice of the system of reference, the metric must go toat infinity. However, the imposition of this condition in a spherically symmetrical way (for example) singles out one particular frame of reference as the absolute inertial frame of the universe with no relational foundation. This, Einstein said, “is contrary to the spirit of the relativity principle”, and it was the basis of his early view that general relativity is most compatible with a closed unbounded universe. The recent astronomical findings that seem to indicate an accelerating expansion have caused most scientists to abandon closed models, but there seems to be some lack of appreciation for the damage an open universe does to the epistemological strength of general relativity. As Einstein wrote in 1945, “the introduction of [the cosmological constant] constitutes a complication of the theory, which seriously reduces its logical simplicity”.Of course, in both an open and a closed universe there must be boundary and/or initial conditions, but the question is whether the distribution of mass-energy by itself is adequate to define the field, or whether independent boundary conditions are necessary to pin down the field. In a closed universe the “boundary conditions” can be more directly identified with the distribution of mass-energy, whereas in an open universe they are necessarily quite independent. Thus a closed universe can claim to satisfy Mach’s principle at least to some degree, whereas an open universe definitely can’t. The seriousness of this depends on how seriously we take Mach’s principle. Since we can just as well regard a field as a palpable constituent of the universe, and since the metric of spacetime itself is a field in general relativity, it can be argued that Mach’s dualistic view is no longer relevant. However, the second issue is whether even the specification of the distribution of mass-energy plusboundary conditions at infinity yields a unique solution. For Maxwell’s equations (which are linear) it does, but for Einstein’s equations (which are non-linear) it doesn’t. This is perhaps what Misner, et al, are referring to when they comment that “Einstein’s theory...demands closure of the geometry in space ... as a boundary condition on the initial value equations if they are to yield a well-determined (and, we now know, a unique) 4-geometry”.In view of this, one might argue that the (apparent) uniqueness of the metrical field supports the idea of a closed universe - at least within the context of general relativity. To put it more explicitly, if we believe the structure of the universe is governed by general relativity, and that the structure is determinate, then the universe must be closed. If the universe is not closed, then general relativity must be incomplete in the sense that there must be something other than general relativity determining which of the possible structures actually exists. Admittedly, completeness in this sense is a very ambitious goal for any theory, but it’s interesting to recall the famous “EPR” paper in which Einstein criticized quantum mechanics on the grounds that it could not be a complete description of nature. (See Section 9.5.) He may well have had this on his mind when he pointed out how seriously the introduction of a cosmological constant undermines the logical simplicity of general relativity, which was always his criterion for evaluating the merit of any scientific theory.We can see him wrestling with this issue, even in his 1917 paper, where he notes that some people (such as de Sitter) have argued that we have no need to consider boundary conditions at infinity, because we can simple specify the metric at the spatial limit of the domain under consideration, just as we arbitrarily (or empirically) specify the inertial frames when working in Newtonian mechanics. But this clearly reduces general relativity to a rather weak theory that must be augmented by other principles and/or considerable amounts of arbitrary information in order to

The rainbow universe means no Big Bang

CLINTON SIEGLE·MONDAY, AUGUST 8, 20161 Read

Hot Big Bang :In the 1930′s it was discovered by Edwin Hubble that all galaxies have a positive redshift. In other words, all galaxies were receding from the Milky Way. By the Copernican principle, we deduce that all galaxies are receding from each other, or we live in a dynamic, expanding Universe. The expansion of the Universe is described by a very simple equation called Hubble’s law; the velocity of the recession of a galaxy is equal to a constant times its distance (v=Hd). Where the constant is called Hubble’s constant and relates distance to velocity in units of light-years.The discovery of an expanding Universe implies the obvious, that the Universe must have an initial starting point, a Creation. A point in the past when the radius of the Universe was zero. Since all the matter in the Universe must have been condensed in a small region, along with all its energy, this moment of Creation is referred to as the Big Bang.A common question that is asked when considering a Creation point in time is ``What is before the Big Bang?″. This type is question is meaningless or without context. For example, it is similar to asking ``What is north of the North Pole?″. The question itself can not be phrased in a meaningful way.Four main pieces of scientific evidence support the Big Bang theory:Olber’s paradoxexpanding Universe (Hubble’s law)chemical abundances of light elementscosmic microwave backgroundThe Big Bang theory has been supported by numerous observations and, regardless of our final theories of the Universe, remains the core element to our understanding of the past. Note that a Creation point automatically implies two things: 1) the Universe has a finite age (about 15 billion years) and 2) the Universe has a finite size.Geometry of the Universe :How can the Universe be finite in size? What is ``outside″ the Universe? The answer to both these questions involves a discussion of the intrinsic geometry of the Universe.There are basically three possible shapes to the Universe; a flat Universe (Euclidean or zero curvature), a spherical or closed Universe (positive curvature) or a hyperbolic or open Universe (negative curvature). Note that this curvature is similar to spacetime curvature due to masses, like stars, in that the entire mass of the Universe determines the curvature.All three geometries are classes of what is called Riemannian geometry, based on three possible states for parallel linesnever meeting (flat or Euclidean)must cross (spherical)always divergent (hyperbolic)or one can think of triangles where for a flat Universe the angles of a triangle sum to 180 degrees, in a closed Universe the sum must be greater than 180, in an open Universe the sum must be less than 180.Its important to remember that the above images are 2D shadows of 3D space, it is impossible to draw the geometry of the Universe, it can only be described by mathematics. All possible Universes are finite since there is only a finite age and, therefore, a limiting horizon. The geometry may be flat or open, and therefore infinite, but the amount of mass and time in our Universe is finite.Density of the Universe:The description of the various geometries of the Universe (open, closed, flat) also relate to their futures. There are two possible futures for our Universe, continual expansion (open and flat), turn-around and collapse (closed). Note that flat is the specific case of expansion to zero velocity.The key factor that determines which history is correct is the amount of mass/gravity for the Universe as a whole. If there is sufficient mass, then the expansion of the Universe will be slowed to the point of stopping, then retraction to collapse. If there is not a sufficient amount of mass, then the Universe will expand forever without stopping. The flat Universe is one where there is exactly the balance of mass to slow the expansion to zero, but not for collapse.The parameter that is used to measure the mass of the Universe is the critical density, Omega. Omega is usually expressed as the ratio of the mean density observed to that of the density in a flat Universe.Given all the range of values for the mean density of the Universe, it is strangely close to the density of a flat Universe. And our theories of the early Universe (see inflation) strongly suggest the value of Omega should be exactly equal to one. If so our measurements of the density by galaxy counts or dynamics are grossly in error and remains one of the key problems for modern astrophysics.Birth of the Universe :Physics of the early Universe is at the boundary of astronomy and philosophy since we do not currently have a complete theory that unifies all the fundamental forces of Nature at the moment of Creation. Thus, there is no possibility of linking observation or experimentation of early Universe physics to our theories (i.e. its not possible to `build’ another Universe) and, thus, our theories are rejected or accepted based on simplicity and aesthetic grounds rather than an appeal to empirical results. This is a very difference way of doing science from centuries.Our physics can explain most of the evolution of the Universe after the Planck time (approximately 10-43 seconds after the Big Bang). However, the time before this undefined in our current science and, in particular, we have no solid understanding of the origin of the Universe (i.e. what started or `caused’ the Big Bang). At best, we can describe our efforts to date as probing around the `edges’ of our understand in order to define what we don’t understand, much like a blind person would explore the edge of a deep hole.Cosmic Singularity :One thing is clear in our framing of questions such as “How did the Universe get started?” is that the Universe was self-creating. This is not a statement on a `cause’ behind the origin of the Universe, nor is it a statement on a lack of purpose or destiny. It is simply a statement that the Universe was emergent, that the actual of the Universe probably derived from a indeterminate sea of potentiality whose properties may always remain beyond our understanding.Extrapolation from the present to the moment of Creation implies an origin of infinite density and infinite temperature (all the Universe’s mass and energy pushed to a point of zero volume). Such a point is called the cosmic singularity.Infinites are unacceptable as physical descriptions but our observers are protected by the principle of cosmic censorship. This means that singularities exists only mathematically and not as a physical reality that we can observe or measure. A typical solution to this problem is an event horizon as with black holes.Planck Era :The earliest moments of Creation are where our modern physics breakdown, where `breakdown’ means that our theories and laws have no ability to describe or predict the behavior of the early Universe. Our everyday notions of space and time cease to be valid.Although we have little knowledge of the Universe before the Planck time, we can calculate when this era ends and when our physics begins. This occurs when the Universe is at the Planck scale in its expansion.Remember, there is no `outside’ to the Universe. One could, in theory, measure the size of the Universe much like you measure the radius of the Earth. You don’t dig a hole in the Earth and lower a tape measure, you measure the circumference (take an airplane ride) of the Earth and divide by 2 pi (i.e. C = 2 x pi x radius).The Universe expands from the moment of the Big Bang, but until the Universe reaches the size of the Planck scale, there is no time or space. Time remains undefined, space is compactified. Superstring theory maintains that the Universe had 10 dimensions during the Planck era, which collapses into 4 at the end of the Planck era (think of those extra 6 dimensions as being very, very small hyperspheres inbetween the space between elementary particles, 4 big dimensions and 6 little tiny ones).During the Planck era, the Universe can be best described as a quantum foam of 10 dimensions containing Planck length sized black holes continuously being created and annihilated with no cause or effect. In other words, try not to think about this era.Unification :One of the reasons our physics is incomplete during the Planck era is a lack of understand of the unification of the forces of Nature during this time. At high energies and temperatures, the forces of Nature become symmetric. This means the forces resemble each other and become similar in strength, they unify.An example of unification is the consider the interaction of the weak and electromagnetic forces. At low energy, photons and W,Z particles are the force carriers for the electromagnetic and weak forces. The W and Z particles are very massive and, thus, require alot of energy (E=mc**2). At high energies, photons take on similar energies to W and Z particles, and the forces become unified into the electroweak force.There is the expectation that all the nuclear forces of matter (strong, weak and electromagnetic) unify at extremely high temperatures under a principle known as Grand Unified Theory, an extension of quantum physics of as yet undiscovered relationships between the strong and electroweak forces.The final unification resolves the relationship between quantum forces and gravity (supergravity).In the early Universe, the physics to predict the behavior of matter is determined by which forces are unified and the form that they take. The interactions just at the edge of the Planck era are ruled by supergravity, the quantum effects of mini-black holes. After the separation of gravity and nuclear forces, the spacetime of the Universe is distinct from matter and radiation.Spacetime Foam :The first moments after the Planck era are dominated by conditions were spacetime itself is twisted and distorted by the pressures of the extremely small and dense Universe.Most of these black holes and wormholes are leftover from the Planck era, remnants of the event horizon that protected the cosmic singularity. These conditions are hostile to any organization or structure not protected by an event horizon. Thus, black holes are the only units that can survive intact under these conditions, and serve as the first building blocks of structure in the Universe, the first `things’ that have individuality.Based on computer simulations of these early moments, there is the prediction that many small, primordial black holes were created at this time with no large black holes (the Universe was too small for them to exist). However, due to Hawking radiation, the primordial black holes from this epoch have all decayed and disappeared by the present-day.Matter arises at the end of the spacetime foam epoch as the result of superstrings, or loops in spacetime. The transformation is from ripping spacetime foam into black holes, which then transmute into elementary particles. Thus, there is a difference between something and nothing, but it is purely geometrical and there is nothing behind the geometry. Matter during this era is often called GUT matter to symbolize its difference from quarks and leptons and its existence under GUT forces.Symmetry Breaking:In the early Universe, pressures and temperature prevented the permanent establishment of elementary particles. Even quarks and leptons were unable to form stable objects until the Universe had cooled beyond the supergravity phase. If the fundamental building blocks of Nature (elementary particles) or spacetime itself were not permanent then what remained the same? The answer is symmetry.Often symmetry is thought of as a relationship, but in fact it has its own identical that is preserved during the chaos and flux of the early Universe. Even though virtual particles are created and destroyed, there is always a symmetry to the process. For example, for every virtual electron that is formed a virtual positron (anti-electron) is also formed. There is a time symmetric, mirror-like quality to every interaction in the early Universe.Symmetry also leads to conservation laws, and conservation laws limit the possible interactions between particles. Those imaginary processes that violate conservation laws are forbidden. So the existence of symmetry provides a source of order to the early Universe.Pure symmetry is like a spinning coin. The coin has two states, but while spinning neither state is determined, and yet both states exist. The coin is in a state of both/or. When the coin hits the floor the symmetry is broken (its either heads or tails) and energy is released in the process.The effect of symmetry breaking in the early Universe was a series of phase changes, much like when ice melts to water or water boils to stream. A phase change is the dramatic change in the internal order of a substance. When ice melts, the increased heat breaks the bonds in the lattice of water molecules, and the ice no longer holds its shape. Phase change in the early Universe occurs at the unification points of fundamental forces. The decoupling of those forces provides the energy input for the phase change.With respect to the Universe, a phase change during symmetry breaking is a point where the characteristics and the properties of the Universe make a radical change. At the supergravity symmetry breaking, the Universe passed from the Planck era of total chaos to the era of spacetime foam. Spacetime was acquired during the phase transition. During the GUT symmetry breaking, mass and spacetime separated and particles came into existence.Notice that as symmetry breaks, there is less order, more chaos. The march of entropy in the Universe apples to the laws of Nature as well as matter. The Universe at the time of the cosmic singularity was a time or pure symmetry, all the forces had equal strength, all the matter particles had the same mass (zero), spacetime was the same everywhere (although all twisted and convolved).Inflation:There are two major problems for the Big Bang model of the creation of the Universe. They areThe flatness problem relates to the density parameter of the Universe, . Values for can take on any number between 0.01 and 5 (lower than 0.01 and galaxies can’t form, more than 5 and the Universe is younger than the oldest rocks). The measured value is near 0.2. This is close to an of 1, which is strange because of 1 is an unstable point for the geometry of the Universe.the flatness problemthe horizon problemValues slightly below or above 1 in the early Universe rapidly grow to much less than 1 or much larger than 1 (like a ball at the top of a hill). So the fact that the measured value of 0.2 is so close to 1 that we expect to find in the future that our measured value is too low and that the Universe has a value of exactly equal to 1 for stability. And therefore, the flatness problem is that some mechanism is needed to get a value for to be exactly one (to balance the pencil).The horizon problem concerns the fact that the Universe is isotropic. No matter what distant corners of the Universe you look at, the sizes and distribution of objects is exactly the same (the Cosmological Principle). But there is no reason to expect this since opposite sides of the Universe are not causally connected, any information that is be transmitted from one side would not reach the other side in the lifetime of the Universe (limited to travel at the speed of light).All the Universe has an origin at the Big Bang, but time didn’t exist until after the Planck era. And by the end of that epoch, the Universe was already expanding such that opposite sides were not causally connected.The solution to both the flatness and horizon problems is due to a phase of the Universe called inflation. Currently, inflation is the only theory that explains why the observable Universe is both homogeneous and causally connected. During inflation the Universe expanded a factor of 1054, so that our horizon now only sees a small piece of what was the total Universe from the Big Bang.The cause of the inflation era was the symmetry breaking at the GUT unification point. At this moment, spacetime and matter separated and a tremendous amount of energy was released. This energy produced an overpressure that was applied not to the particles of matter, but to spacetime itself. Basically, the particles stood still as the space between them expanded at an exponential rate.Note that this inflation was effectively at more than the speed of light, but since the expansion was on the geometry of the Universe itself, and not the matter, then there is no violation of special relativity. Our visible Universe, the part of the Big Bang within our horizon, is effectively a `bubble’ on the larger Universe. However, those other bubbles are not physically real since they are outside our horizon. We can only relate to them in an imaginary, theoretical sense. They are outside our horizon and we will never be able to communicate with those other bubble universes.Inflation solves the flatness problem because of the exponential growth. Imagine a highly crumbled piece of paper. This paper represents the Big Bang universe before inflation. Inflation is like zooming in of some very, very small section of the paper. If we zoom in to a small enough scale the paper will appear flat. Our Universe must be exactly flat for the same reason, it is a very small piece of the larger Big Bang universe.The horizon problem is also solved in that our present Universe was simply a small piece of a larger Big Bang universe that was in causal connection before the inflation era. Other bubble universes might have very different constants and evolutionary paths, but our Universe is composed of a small, isotropic slice of the bigger Big Bang universe.